Merging

Overview

Questions

• How do I merge a branch changes?

Objectives

• Learn about git merge.

When you are collaborating, you will have to merge a branch independent if your branch may or may not have diverged from the main branch. Most of the Git hosting platform like GiHub or GitLab allows you to merge a branch from their web interface but you can also merge the branches from your machine using git merge.

There are 2 ways to merge:

• non-fast-forward merged (recommended)

• fast forward merged

Merging diagram.

Reminder: when starting work on a new feature, be careful where you branch from!

BASH

git remote add upstream https://github.com/mpi-astronomy/advanced-git-training.git
git fetch upstream
git checkout -b develop upstream/develop

Non-fast-forwad Merge

---

Merges branch by creating a merge commit. Prompts for merge commit message. Ideal for merging two branches.

BASH

git checkout main
git merge --no-ff <branch> -m "Message"

The --no-ff flag causes the merge to always create a new commit object, even if the merge could be performed with a fast-forward. This avoids losing information about the historical existence of a feature branch and groups together all commits that together added the feature.

Challenge

Exercise: Creating a non-fast-forwad merge.

Create a new Git repository that has the following tree.

*   69fac81 (main) Merge branch 'gitignore'
|\
| * 5537012 (gitignore) Add .gitignore
|/
* 6ec7c0f Add README

Show me the solution

BASH

git init
touch README.md
git add README.md
git commit -m 'Add README'
git checkout -b gitignore
touch .gitignore
git add .gitignore
git commit -m "Add .gitignore"
git checkout main
git merge --no-ff gitignore

Fast-forward Merge

---

If there are no conflicts with the main branch, a “fast-forward” merge can be executed with. This will NOT create a merge commit! Aborts merge if it cannot be done. Ideal for updating a branch from remote.

BASH

git checkout main
git merge --ff-only <branch>

If using the fast-forward merge, it is impossible to see from the git history which of the commit objects together have implemented a feature. You would have to manually read all the log messages. Reverting a whole feature (i.e. a group of commits), is a true headache in the latter situation, whereas it is easily done if the –no-ff flag was used.

For a good illustration of fast-forward merge (and other concepts), see this thread: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9069061/what-effect-does-the-no-ff-flag-have-for-git-merge

Challenge

Exercise: Creating a fast-forwad merge.

Consider the following Git tree

BASH

* a78b99f (main) Add title
| * 3d88062 (remote) Add .gitignore
|/
* 86c4247 Add README

Is possible to run a fast-forward merge to incorporate the branch remote into main?

Show me the solution

No, it is not possible to run a fast-forward merge because of commit a78b99f.

Three-way Merge

Similar to --no-ff, but there may be dragons. Forced upon you when there’s an intermediate change since you branched. May prompt your to manually resolve

BASH

git merge <branch> [-s <strategy>]

See https://git-scm.com/docs/merge-strategies for a zillion options (“patience”, “octopus”, etc), But also git is only so smart and you are probably smarter.

Merging strategies: https://git-scm.com/docs/merge-strategies

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https://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/

Note: there are a number of external tools that have a graphical interface to allow for merge conflict resolution. Some of these include: kdiff3 (Windows, Mac, Linux), Meld (Windows, Linux), P4Merge (Windows, Mac, Linux), opendiff (Mac), vimdiff (for Vim users), Beyond Compare, GitHub web interface. We do not endorse any of them and use at your own risk. In any case, using a graphical interface does not substitute for understanding what is happening under the hood.

Key Points

• git merge --no-ff is the best way to merge changes
• git merge --ff-only is a good way to pull down changes from remote